After World War II, composers pushed the boundaries of music in virtually every possible direction. Serialism, which was largely used for harmony and melody in the early part of the century was now applied to rhythm and form as well. Many composers abandoned both serial and traditional compositional techniques in favor of extra-musical directions, including visual patterns, mathematics and "chance processes." Many "post-modern" composers have rejected such experimental forms and techniques in favor of those from popular and folk cultures from around the world. The role of technology in music of the late twentieth century has mirrored its role in society, with composers embracing technology both as a tool and a guiding principle. Recording technologies, both analog and digital have been used to create music that could not have been created in the acoustic world. Digital computers have opened up the possibilities of new instruments and techniques for for both composition and performance.
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